Where children live early in their lives can have a lasting impact on their ability to handle stress later, a new study with children in Romanian orphanages shows.
The research, believed to be the first to identify a sensitive period during early life when children’s stress response systems are particularly likely to be influenced by where they are cared for, also shows that the negative effects of a deprived environment can be made less painful by changing it—but only if that happens before the child turns 2.
“The early environment has a very strong impact on how the stress response system in the body develops,” says lead author Katie McLaughlin, assistant professor of psychology at University of Washington. “But even kids exposed to a very extreme negative environment who are placed into a supportive family can overcome those effects in the long term.”
‘Extreme Form of Early Neglect’
Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study focuses on children who spent the first years of their lives in Romanian orphanages and others who were removed from orphanages and placed in foster care. The institutionalized children had blunted stress system responses—for example, less heart rate acceleration and blood pressure increases during stressful tasks and lower production of cortisol, the primary hormone responsible for stress response.
By comparison, children who were removed from the institutions and placed with foster parents before the age of 24 months had stress system responses similar to those of children being raised by families in the community.
“Institutionalization is an extreme form of early neglect,” McLaughlin says. “Placing kids into a supportive environment where they have sensitive, responsive parents, even if they were neglected for a period of time early in life, has a lasting, meaningful effect.”
The research is part of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, launched in 2000 to study the effects of institutionalization on brain and behavior development among some of the thousands of Romanian children placed in orphanages during dictator Nicolae Ceausescu’s reign.
Flight or Fight Response
Researchers tested 138 children at about age 12 from three groups: those who had spent several years in institutions, others who were removed from institutions and placed into high-quality foster care, and children raised in families living in areas near the institutions.
The children placed into foster care were moved at between six months and three years of age. Those left in institutions remained there for varying amounts of time before eventually being adopted, reunited with their biological parents, or placed in government foster care after policies around institutionalization changed in Romania.
During the tests, children were asked to perform potentially stressful tasks including delivering a speech before teachers, receiving social feedback from other children, and playing a game that broke partway through. Researchers measured the children’s heart rate, blood pressure, and several other markers including cortisol.
The children raised in institutions showed blunted responses in the sympathetic nervous system, associated with the flight or fight response, and in the HPA axis, which regulates cortisol. A dulled stress response system is linked to health problems including chronic fatigue, pain syndrome, and autoimmune conditions, as well as aggression and behavioral problems.
Physical and Mental Health
“Together, the patterns of blunted stress reactivity among children who remained in institutional care might lead to heightened risk for multiple physical and mental health problems,” the researchers write.
It’s difficult to say for certain why the children’s stress response systems were blunted. It’s possible that since they endured such extreme stress early in life, the tasks the researchers put them through were relatively benign in comparison and thus did not evoke a strong response.
More significantly, McLaughlin says, their stress response systems might have been initially hyperactive at earlier points in development, then adapted to high levels of stress hormones by reducing the number of receptors in the brain that stress hormones bind to.
“If we’d been able to measure their stress systems early in life, we would expect to find very high levels of stress hormones and stress reactivity.”
The study also found that children raised in the orphanages had thinner brain tissue in areas linked to impulse control and attention, and less gray matter overall.
The children involved in the study are now about 16 years old, and researchers next plan to investigate whether puberty has an impact on their stress responses. It could have a positive effect, McLaughlin says, since puberty might represent another sensitive period when stress response systems are particularly tuned to environmental inputs.
“It’s possible that the environment during that period could reverse the impacts of early adversity on the system,” she says.
Researchers from Harvard Medical School, Tulane University, and University of Maryland are coauthors of the study.
Source: University of Washington. Republished from Futurity.org under Creative Commons License 4.0.
