Humans (and our ancestors) have been processing food for at least 1.8 million years. Roasting, drying, grinding, and other techniques made food more nutritious, durable, and tasty. This helped our ancestors to colonize diverse habitats, and develop settlements and civilizations.
Many traditional foods used in cooking today are processed in some way, such as grains, cheeses, dried fish, and fermented vegetables. The processing itself is not the problem.
Only much more recently has a different type of food processing emerged: one that is more extensive, and uses new chemical and physical techniques. This is called ultra-processing, and the resulting products ultra-processed foods.
To make these foods, cheap ingredients such as starches, vegetable oils, and sugars are combined with cosmetic additives such as colors, flavors, and emulsifiers. Think sugary drinks, confectionery, mass-produced bread, snack foods, sweetened dairy products, and frozen desserts.
Unfortunately, these foods are terrible for our health. And we’re eating more of them than ever before, partially because of aggressive marketing and lobbying by “Big Food.”
Ultra-Processed Foods Are Harming Our Health
So concludes our recent literature review. We found that more ultra-processed foods in the diet associates with higher risks of obesity, heart disease, and stroke, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, frailty, depression, and death.
These harms can be caused by the foods’ poor nutritional profile, as many are high in added sugars, salt, and trans-fats. Also, if you tend to eat more ultra-processed foods, it means you probably eat fewer fresh and less-processed foods.
Put simply, ultra-processed foods are bad for our health and the environment. (Igor Sefr/AP/AAP)
Certain features of ultra-processed foods also promote over-consumption. Product flavors, aromas, and mouthfeel are designed to make these foods ultra-tasty, and perhaps even addictive.
Ultra-processed foods also harm the environment. For example, food packaging generates much of the plastic waste that enters marine ecosystems.
And yet, despite all these problems, we’re eating more and more of these foods.
In our latest study, published in August, we found ultra-processed food sales are booming nearly everywhere in the world.
Sales are highest in rich countries such as Australia, the United States, and Canada. They are rising rapidly in middle-income countries such as China, South Africa, and Brazil, which are highly populated. The scale of dietary change and harm to health is therefore likely immense.
‘Big Food’ Is Driving Consumption
We also asked: What explains the global rise in ultra-processed food sales? Growing incomes, more people living in cities, and working families seeking convenience are a few factors that contribute.
However, it’s also clear “Big Food” corporations are driving ultra-processed food consumption globally—think Coca-Cola, Nestlé, and McDonald’s. Sales growth is lower in countries where such corporations have a limited presence.
Aggressive marketing campaigns by big food companies are contributing to the growing consumption of ultra-processed foods. (Shutterstock)
Globalization has allowed these corporations to make huge investments in their overseas operations. The Coca-Cola system, for example, now includes 900 bottling plants worldwide, distributing 2 billion servings every day.
As Big Food globalizes, their advertising and promotion become widespread. New digital technologies, such as gaming, are used to target children. By collecting large amounts of personal data online, companies can even target their advertising at us as individuals.
Supermarkets are now spreading throughout the developing world, provisioning ultra-processed foods at scale, and at low prices. Where supermarkets don’t exist, other distribution strategies are used. For example, Nestlé uses its “door-to-door” salesforce to reach thousands of poor households in Brazil’s urban slums.
Rising consumption also reflects Big Food’s political power to undermine public health policies. This includes lobbying policymakers, making political donations, funding favorable research, and partnerships with community organizations.
Here’s How Things Can Change
The evidence that ultra-processed foods are harming our health and the planet is clear. We must now consider using a variety of strategies to decrease consumption. This includes adopting new laws and regulations, for example, by using taxation, marketing restrictions, and removing these products from schools.
We cannot rely on industry-preferred responses such as product reformulation alone. After all, reformulated ultra-processed foods are usually still ultra-processed.
Further, simply telling individuals to “be more responsible” is unlikely to work when Big Food spends billions every year marketing unhealthy products to undermine that responsibility.
Should dietary guidelines now strongly advise people to avoid ultra-processed foods? Brazil and other Latin American countries are already doing this.
And for us as individuals the advice is simple—avoid ultra-processed foods altogether.
Phillip Bakeris a research fellow at the institute for physical activity and nutrition at Deakin University in Australia, Mark Lawrence is a professor of public health nutrition at the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition at Deakin University, and Priscila Machado is a research fellow at the School of Exercise & Nutrition Science in the Faculty of Health at Deakin University. This article was first published by The Conversation.
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