Ringing Ears Light up the Brain’s Emotion Center

Ringing Ears Light up the Brain’s Emotion Center
(IHUAN/iStock)
5/19/2015
Updated:
5/18/2015

People with tinnitus “hear” ringing, buzzing, or hissing in their ears much like an amputee might “feel” pain in a missing limb. While exposure to loud noise may contribute, some cases have no apparent trigger.

Though it’s not known yet exactly where and how tinnitus occurs in the brain, says Richard Salvi, director of the Center for Hearing and Deafness at the University at Buffalo, functional MRI studies with rats show the abnormal activity underlying tinnitus and a related condition called hyperacusis isn’t confined to a specific brain location, but actually involves a neural network.

Salvi and colleagues induced tinnitus in rats by administering the active ingredient in aspirin, which has long been known to produce tinnitus and hyperacusis symptoms in humans.

“Certain brain regions become very active once tinnitus is induced, much more so than it is for an animal with normal hearing,” says Salvi, one of the authors of the study published in the journal eLife. “Even though high-dose aspirin induces a hearing loss and less information is being sent from the ear to the brain as a result, the brain responds with greater activity.

“It’s paradoxical, like a car getting better gas mileage with a less efficient engine.”

Fight or Flight

Tracing the neural network’s course, the investigators identified a major hub within the central auditory pathway, the sound processing center of the brain.

“Other research has shown this activity, but what is novel about the current study is the amygdala pops up. This is the part of the brain that assigns emotion to our perceptions,” says Salvi. “Many patients report the onset of tinnitus after experiencing significant stress or anxiety.

“We think it’s not just the hearing loss that’s essential. There are other emotional factors working together with the auditory factors.”

The reticular formation, an arousal center involved in the “fight or flight” response is active too, plus the hippocampus, the memory region of the brain that helps identify where things are located, such as the location of the phantom sound.

‘We Were Shocked’

So the auditory system is connecting sound to a location, the ear in this case. There is emotion and arousal, but the final puzzling piece to the network is activity in the cerebellum, normally activated during motor planning events like reaching for a cup or catching a ball.

“We were shocked when this part of the brain popped up,” says Salvi. “Almost all parts of the network can be explained: location of sound; the emotional attachment; why people get aroused when they have tinnitus; we’re puzzled by the cerebellum involvement, but it might act like some kind of ”gate“ that’s allowing the phantom sound to enter the consciousness,” says Salvi.

The findings could lead to a testable model that helps to identify what region or regions of the brain might be responsible for causing the two conditions.

Having conceptualized a broader, more comprehensive neural network, the researchers hope to eventually test the model by deactivating specific segments of the neural network. By process of elimination they would learn if shutting down one part of that network relieves tinnitus, hyperacusis, or both conditions.

Researchers from Southeast University in Nanjing, China, and Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada, collaborated on the project.

This article was previously published on Futurity.org. Republished under Creative Commons License 4.0.

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