Research Links Activity With Health Care Costs

Exercise is good for your health at every age—and you can reap the benefits no matter how late in life you start. That said, our latest research has shown that in the United States, people who were more physically active as teenagers and throughout adulthood had lower health care costs.

For our study, we drew on data from the National Cancer Institute’s study on diet and health, which looked at more than half a million adults. As part of this study, adults in 1996 who were aged 50 to 71 were asked how physically active they were during this time in their life. They were also asked to estimate how much exercise they got in late adolescence and early and middle adulthood.

We followed up with participants between 2004 and 2006. During this time, some consented for their study responses to be linked with their Medicare data. Medicare is the major health insurance program for American adults aged 65 years and older.

To ensure results were accurate, we only looked at respondents who were 65 years of age, as this is the age a person first qualifies for Medicare. We also adjusted our results to take into account other things that could influence the outcome, such as ethnicity, education, marital status, and whether a person smoked. This way we could be fairly certain that we were only looking at the effect of physical activity on health care costs.

Based on our data, people were clustered into groups according to their exercise habits throughout adulthood. We identified nine groups, which fell into four main categories: maintainers (36 percent of the group who maintained moderate to high activity throughout adulthood), decreasers (30.5 percent of the group who were active in early adulthood but became less active as they aged), and increasers (14.5 percent of the group who weren’t active in early adulthood but became more active throughout their lives). Around 18.5 percent of the group were consistently inactive throughout their lifetime.

A Lifetime of Activity

We found that adults who maintained or increased their physical activity from adolescence throughout adulthood had lower average annual health care costs than adults who were consistently inactive over time—between $824 and $1,874 per year. This is around 10 percent to 22 percent lower than those who were less active or inactive.

In contrast, adults who were active earlier in life but less active in middle-age (decreasers), didn’t benefit from lower health care costs after age 65, despite being active earlier in life. In fact, their Medicare costs were akin to those who had been consistently inactive all their life.

Although the study’s respondents came from different parts of the United States, it’s hard to say whether these results would be true for people in other parts of the world. And, as our study was based on self-reported information obtained from a survey, we can’t say whether activity levels caused lower health care costs. Also, we weren’t able to control for all factors that may have affected the results, such as whether a person developed an injury that limited their activity levels.

However, similar findings to ours have also been seen in other research, such as an Australian study which found that middle-aged women who were active throughout their life had 40 percent lower health care costs over the three years that the study took place.

Given that 1 in 4 adults worldwide doesn’t get enough exercise, large-scale efforts to improve physical activity—especially among adolescents and young adults—could help reduce health care costs and improve health later in life. Strategies such as working with people one on one, in small groups, or on a community level to change their physical activity levels are all proven to work.

Diarmuid Coughlan is a research associate in health economics at Newcastle University in the UK. This article was first published on The Conversation.