Shampoo. Shaving cream. Deodorant. Makeup. Hair dye. Perfume and cologne. These and dozens of other products may be in your shower, gym bag, or medicine cabinet. But do you know what’s in them? Could any of their ingredients be risky for your health?
Personal care products, including cosmetics, are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). But they’re not treated like drugs. They don’t have to be approved by the FDA before they go on the market. So companies don’t have to prove that personal care products are safe or effective before selling them, says Dr. Alexandra White, who studies chemicals and health at NIH.
The exceptions are personal care products that treat or prevent health conditions. These must be FDA-approved before they go on the market. Examples include sunscreen and anti-dandruff shampoo.
But overall, “cosmetics are one of the least regulated sets of consumer products out there,” says Dr. Ami Zota, an environmental health researcher at Columbia University. The FDA monitors products for potential safety issues once they’re on the market. It takes action when needed to protect public health.
Researchers are working to better understand the health effects of common ingredients in personal care products. They’re also developing better and faster ways to test such ingredients for safety.
What’s in That Bottle?
Most ingredients in personal care products are in a category known as “generally recognized as safe,” or GRAS, explains Dr. Nicole Kleinstreuer, a computational toxicologist at NIH.
But certain chemicals that may cause health problems can be found in many of these products. How much you’re exposed to is often what makes a chemical harmful. The amount that’s “safe” varies for each.
“The general classes we’re concerned about include phthalates, parabens, PFAS, and metals like lead,” says White.
Other problem chemicals include triclosan and triclocarban. These are included in many personal care products to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.
Many chemicals of concern, including phthalates, parabens, PFAS, and triclosan, are endocrine disruptors. These are compounds that can mimic or interfere with the body’s hormones. They’ve been linked to problems with the brain, development, and reproduction. Some have also been linked to a higher risk of certain cancer types.
Metals like lead and mercury can also be toxic. They can cause damage to the brain. Another ingredient to look out for is formaldehyde. It is found in some hair products or created when hair products are heated. Formaldehyde exposure has been linked with cancer.
Talc is also a common ingredient in cosmetics. “Talc is used in a lot of powders, including face powders,” Zota says. It’s generally recognized as safe by the FDA. But talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos, which is linked to cancer. The FDA has been testing for asbestos (link is external) recently in many talc-containing products.
It can be hard to figure out if a product contains potentially risky ingredients. You can avoid some of these chemicals by looking for them on the product label. But they can have many names and abbreviations. Sometimes the names of specific chemicals don’t appear on the label at all, but they’re still in the product.
“Fragrance is one example,” says Zota. “Something listed as ‘fragrance’ can be a mixture of thousands of chemicals.” Looking for fragrance-free products can help lower your exposure to many unknown ingredients.
Which Chemicals Are Risky?
Most personal care products are mixtures of many different chemicals. This can make it hard to link specific products to health problems. But researchers have found some worrying trends.
“We’ve seen [a link] between frequent hair straightener use and cancer risk,” says White. So far, this has included breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Her team has also found a link between the use of permanent hair dye and breast cancer. The risk was especially high for Black women.
To help make safer products, better tests are needed to understand how chemicals affect the body over the long term. Kleinstreuer is working on a team that’s developing new methods to test chemicals in human cells instead of animals. The tests are like taking a chemical fingerprint, she explains.
First, the team measures changes that happen in cells after they are exposed to chemicals with known effects. Then, they test a new chemical. If it produces changes similar to a known one, scientists can assume it affects the body in a similar way.
“For example, we know excess inflammation is bad. And we can [measure] cell markers of inflammation. If a chemical causes [those markers] to increase, we know that’s a bad thing,” Kleinstreuer says. Inflammation that lingers over time can cause health problems. Her team hopes to eventually use these types of tests to predict which chemicals may be harmful for long-term exposure.
Her team is also using engineered skin tissue to develop better tests for allergy and irritation. These models are being widely used to predict short-term side effects from chemical exposures, including those in cosmetics.
Buyer Be Aware
Trying to keep potentially risky chemicals out of your daily life can help you and your family stay healthier. But there are times that you may want to be even more cautious. People can be more vulnerable to chemical exposures during certain times in their lives.
One of these is pregnancy, says White. “It’s a time when the breast tissue is going through rapid changes and might be more susceptible to cancer-causing chemicals.”
“Even small levels of some of these chemicals can impact fetal development and growth,” Zota says. Early childhood and puberty are other times when people may be more susceptible to endocrine disruptors, she adds.
If you have questions about any personal care products, talk with your health care provider.
Personal Care Product Precautions
- Follow the directions in personal care product packages. Pay attention to all caution and warning statements.
- If any cosmetic or personal care product causes irritation, stop using it immediately. If the irritation persists, see a doctor.
- Don’t share your cosmetics. This can transfer harmful germs.
- Don’t use old cosmetics.
- Don’t use any cosmetics near your eyes unless they’re intended specifically for that use. Avoid color additives for use near the eye that are not FDA-approved.
- Never dye your eyebrows or eyelashes. This can hurt your eyes or even cause blindness.
- Keep hair dyes out of the reach of children.
- Never mix different hair dye products.
Adapted from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
References
Hair dye and chemical straightener use and breast cancer risk in a large US population of black and white women. Eberle CE, Sandler DP, Taylor KW, White AJ. Int J Cancer. 2020 Jul 15;147(2):383-391. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32738. Epub 2019 Dec 3. PMID:31797377.
Use of hair products in relation to ovarian cancer risk. White AJ, Sandler DP, Gaston SA, Jackson CL, O’Brien KM. Carcinogenesis. 2021 Oct 5;42(9):1189-1195. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgab056. PMID:34173819.
Personal care product use among diverse women in California: Taking stock study. Dodson RE, Cardona B, Zota AR, Robinson Flint J, Navarro S, Shamasunder B. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2021 May;31(3):487-502. doi: 10.1038/s41370-021-00327-3. Epub 2021 May 6. PMID:33958707.
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