In February 1986, theoretical physicist Richard Feynman stood before a presidential commission tasked with uncovering the root cause behind the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, a midair explosion that took the lives of all seven crew members on board just over a minute after liftoff.
Feynman was an integral part of the commission, and the focus of his demonstration that day was the shuttle’s O-rings, a group of circular, rubber components acting as sealants in the shuttle’s rocket boosters. Feynman picked up an O-ring, clamped it, then submerged it in ice water. When he removed it from the water and clamp, the O-ring didn’t re-form to its original shape, showing how low temperatures prevent the gaskets from properly sealing off gasses.




