Steve Jobs, the late co-founder of Apple, was known for his walking meetings. Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg has also been seen holding meetings on foot. And perhaps you’ve paced back and forth on occasion to drum up ideas.
New research seems to back up the impulse. Experiments show that creative thinking improves when a person is walking—indoors or out—and for a time shortly thereafter.
It’s the act of walking itself, and not the environment, that is the main factor, researchers say. Across the board, creativity levels are consistently and significantly higher for those walking compared to those sitting.
“Many people anecdotally claim they do their best thinking when walking. We finally may be taking a step, or two, toward discovering why,” write study authors Marily Oppezzo and Daniel Schwartz of Stanford University in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.
Other research has focused on how aerobic exercise generally protects long-term cognitive function, but until now, there did not appear to be a study that specifically examined the effect of non-aerobic walking on the simultaneous creative generation of new ideas and then compared it against sitting, says Oppezzo, a doctoral graduate in educational psychology.
A person walking indoors on a treadmill in a room facing a blank wall or walking outdoors in the fresh air produces twice as many creative responses as a person sitting down, one of the experiments finds.
“I thought walking outside would blow everything out of the water, but walking on a treadmill in a small, boring room still had strong results, which surprised me,” Oppezzo says.
The study also shows creative juices continue to flow even when a person sits back down shortly after a walk.
Walking vs. Sitting
The research comprised four experiments involving 176 college students and other adults who completed tasks commonly used by researchers to gauge creative thinking. Participants were placed in different conditions: walking indoors on a treadmill or sitting indoors—both facing a blank wall—and walking outdoors or sitting outdoors while being pushed in wheelchair—both along a pre-determined path. Researchers put seated participants in a wheelchair outside to present the same kind of visual movement as walking.
Different combinations, such as two consecutive seated sessions, or a walking session followed by a seated one, were also compared. The walking or sitting sessions used to measure creativity lasted anywhere from 5 to 16 minutes, depending on the tasks being tested.
Three of the experiments relied on a “divergent thinking” creativity test. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.
In these experiments, participants had to think of alternate uses for a given object. They were given several sets of three objects and had four minutes to come up with as many responses as possible for each set. A response was considered novel if no other participant in the group used it. Researchers also gauged whether a response was appropriate. For example, a “tire” could not be used as a pinkie ring.
The overwhelming majority of the participants in these three experiments were more creative while walking than sitting. In one of those experiments, participants were tested indoors—first while sitting, then while walking on a treadmill. The creative output increased by an average of 60 percent when the person was walking.
Walking Brings a Fresh Perspective
A fourth experiment evaluated creative output by measuring people’s abilities to generate complex analogies to prompt phrases. The most creative responses were those that captured the deep structure of the prompt. For example, for the prompt “a robbed safe,” a response of “a soldier suffering from PTSD” captures the sense of loss, violation and dysfunction. “An empty wallet” does not.
The result: 100 percent of those who walked outside were able to generate at least one high-quality, novel analogy compared to 50 percent of those seated inside.
But not all thought processes are equal. While the study shows that walking benefits creative brainstorming, it doesn’t have a positive effect on the kind of focused thinking required for single, correct answers.
“This isn’t to say that every task at work should be done while simultaneously walking, but those that require a fresh perspective or new ideas would benefit from it,” says Oppezzo, now an adjunct faculty member at Santa Clara University.
Researchers gave participants a word-association task, commonly used to measure insight and focused thinking. Given three words, participants had to generate the one word that could be used with all three to form compound words. For instance, given the words “cottage, Swiss and cake,” the correct answer is “cheese.”
In this test, those who responded while walking performed mildly worse than those who responded while sitting, according to the study.
That Creative Spark
Productive creativity involves a series of steps—from idea generation to execution—and the research, demonstrates that the benefits of walking apply to the “divergent” element of creative thinking, but not to the more “convergent” or focused thinking characteristic of insight.
“We’re not saying walking can turn you into Michelangelo,” Oppezzo says. “But it could help you at the beginning stages of creativity.”
The study’s strong findings will have legs, leading to further research on the neurological and physiological pathways, says coauthor Schwartz, professor in the graduate school of education.
“There’s work to be done to find out the causal mechanisms. And this is a very robust paradigm that will allow people to begin manipulations, so they can track down how the body is influencing the mind.”
One possible future research issue: Is it walking per se or do other forms of mild physical activity have similar elevating effects?
In the meantime, “we already know that physical activity is important and sitting too often is unhealthy,” Oppezzo says. “This study is another justification for integrating bouts of physical activity into the day, whether it’s recess at school or turning a meeting at work into a walking one. We’d be healthier, and maybe more innovative for it.”
Source: Stanford University. Republished from Futurity.org under Creative Commons License 3.0.
*Image of “beach walking“ via Shutterstock
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