Royal Bank of Scotland

The European Union fined Barclays, Citigroup, JP Morgan, MUFG and Royal Bank of Scotland a combined 1.07 billion euros ($1.2 billion) on Thursday for rigging the multi-trillion dollar foreign exchange market. Banks have been hit with billions of dollars in fines worldwide over the last decade for the rigging of benchmarks used in many day-to-day financial transactions, further damaging the industry’s fragile reputation after the financial crisis.

Former UBS and Citigroup trader Tom Hayes has been convicted of eight counts of conspiring with other traders and brokers to manipulate Libor.

Traders with nicknames like the “Three Musketeers” and the “A-Team” plotted over Internet chat rooms to manipulate currency markets for years, profiting at the expense of clients — and then congratulating themselves for their brilliance — regulators said Wednesday, as they fined five banks $3.4 billion.

The European Union fined Barclays, Citigroup, JP Morgan, MUFG and Royal Bank of Scotland a combined 1.07 billion euros ($1.2 billion) on Thursday for rigging the multi-trillion dollar foreign exchange market. Banks have been hit with billions of dollars in fines worldwide over the last decade for the rigging of benchmarks used in many day-to-day financial transactions, further damaging the industry’s fragile reputation after the financial crisis.

Former UBS and Citigroup trader Tom Hayes has been convicted of eight counts of conspiring with other traders and brokers to manipulate Libor.

Traders with nicknames like the “Three Musketeers” and the “A-Team” plotted over Internet chat rooms to manipulate currency markets for years, profiting at the expense of clients — and then congratulating themselves for their brilliance — regulators said Wednesday, as they fined five banks $3.4 billion.