Only about 1 in 8 adults know when they’ll be eligible for full retirement benefits through Social Security, according to the Nationwide Retirement Institute 2023 Social Security Survey. And compared to 2014, fewer people age 50 and up now know whether they may be eligible for Social Security benefits based on an ex-spouse’s record (they may) or if Social Security may offer benefits for their spouse or children (also yes).
Working Might Mean a Smaller Social Security Check
If you claim Social Security before you hit full retirement age (66 to 67, depending on when you were born) and you’re still earning income, you’ll lose some of your Social Security benefits if your earnings go over a certain threshold.The threshold isn’t terribly high: If you’re not full retirement age in 2024, you’ll lose $1 in Social Security benefits for every $2 you earn above $22,320. If you will reach full retirement age this year, you’ll lose $1 in benefits for every $3 you earn above $59,520, until the month you turn full retirement age. From that month forward, you’re in the clear.
“It’s just important to be informed that this penalty exists,” says David Haas, a certified financial planner (CFP) in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey. “And you’re supposed to report it, which nobody ever does.” The net result of this quirk is that you might get a bill from Social Security for the income it wants back—but not for a few years.
Social Security is Taxed
Alas, Social Security benefits aren’t tax-free—and you have to ask Social Security to withhold taxes for you.Nicholas Bunio, a CFP in Downingtown, Pennsylvania, recalls a client who forgot to have anything withheld from their Social Security benefits. “When they did their taxes, they realized they owed $10,000 to the feds and $2,000 to the state,” Bunio says.
When One Spouse Dies, a Social Security Check Ends
If your spouse dies and their Social Security check was larger than yours, survivors benefits mean you can start collecting their higher payment. But you don’t get to keep both checks.“The survivorship is really just collecting the higher benefit, but that means you have to forgo the lower benefit,” Bunio says. “There is going to be a loss of income.”
Business Owners May Be Hurting Their Benefit Amount
Entrepreneurs sometimes try to claim as little earned income as possible to pay as little in income tax as they can. But Social Security bases your benefits on your income over your best 35 earning years, and the lower your income in those years, the smaller your Social Security benefit will be in retirement.“Business owners say, ‘Reduce my tax, I pay too much in taxes,’” says Catherine Valega, a CFP in Winchester, Massachusetts. People tend to overvalue the tax break now versus the long-term consequences of a smaller benefit later, she says.
The Best Claiming Age is Different for Everyone
Although starting Social Security at age 70 nets you the highest benefit, it’s not the only answer to the when-to-claim question. Like a lot of planning, it depends on your circumstances. “We had a client where no one in her family had lived longer than age 76,” said John Scherer, a CFP in Middleton, Wisconsin, in an email. “She wasn’t super interested in making sure her income was robust into her nineties.”That said, the longer you wait (to a maximum age of 70), the higher your check will be—for the rest of your life. “I think of it as longevity insurance,” Haas says. “I just went to somebody’s 100th birthday party. People are living longer.”
The right age for claiming Social Security benefits will depend on your health, family history, marital status, and financial circumstances. Talking to a financial professional can help.
“Everybody is different,” Bunio says. “It’s all the more reason to really plan and think about: How much do you need for retirement?”
