Happiness, it’s been said, is the goal of all human endeavor. Why else do we strive to improve medicine, strengthen economies, raise literacy, lower poverty, or fight prejudice? It all boils down to improving human well-being.
Psychologists have conducted hundreds of studies about the correlates of well-being. You might think well-being is determined by your circumstances—such as the size of your social circle or your paycheck. These factors are important, but it turns out a far stronger role is played by your personality.
Extroversion Linked to Happiness
All aspects of our personality have links with different aspects of our well-being, but one personality trait that seems particularly important is extroversion. Extroversion describes the degree to which one behaves in a bold, assertive, gregarious, and outgoing way. Several studies have shown people who are more extroverted enjoy higher levels of well-being.
Some years ago, personality psychologists working in this area came across a powerful idea: What if we could harness the happiness of extroverts simply by acting more like they do? A wave of studies investigating this idea seemed to support it.
For example, lab experiments showed when people were instructed to act extroverted during an interactive task, they felt happier. Surprisingly, even introverts enjoyed acting extroverted in these studies.
Researchers have also used mobile devices to track people’s levels of extroverted behavior and well-being in the real world. This, too, showed people feel happier when acting more extroverted. Again, even people who described themselves as highly introverted felt happiest when acting more like an extrovert.
These findings appeared to suggest engaging in extroverted behavior could be an effective tool for boosting well-being, and potentially form the basis of well-being programs and interventions.
But there were critical limitations to this research. Findings from the lab experiments—based on short, contrived interactions among strangers—might not necessarily apply in the real world. And the field studies that tracked people’s behavior and well-being in the real world were correlational. This means they could not tell us whether acting extroverted during everyday life caused increases in well-being.
To resolve these uncertainties, we conducted the first randomized controlled trial of extroverted behavior as a well-being intervention, recently published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
What Did We Find?
We randomly assigned participants in our study to act extroverted, or to a control condition comprising non-extroverted behaviors, for one week of their lives. An additional control group didn’t receive any acting instructions. We tracked multiple indicators of well-being throughout the week, and assessed well-being again at the end of the intervention.
On average, people in the “act extroverted” intervention reaped many well-being benefits—but these positive effects also hinged on personality. Specifically, more naturally extroverted people benefited the most, but those who were relatively introverted did not appear to benefit at all, and may have even suffered some well-being costs.
Although our findings are at odds with previous studies on acting extroverted, they support the cautions offered both by psychologists and self-help writers: there are costs to acting out of character.
Working With Your Personality
The fact our well-being critically depends on our personality sounds like bad news. We like to think we are masters of our destiny, and anyone can be whoever and however, they want. But what if our destiny is constrained by our personality?
Our personality shapes our lives, but it also changes, and we can potentially affect these changes ourselves. Personal change may not be easy, but we now know personality is not “fixed.”
Also, the findings of our study don’t suggest you need to be extroverted to be happy. Rather, they show one specific well-being intervention is effective for extroverts but less so for introverts. What we now need is more research to help us better understand how well-being interventions can best take personality into account.
This isn’t a new idea. Similar insights underlie personalized medicine, and marketing researchers know advertising is more effective when tailored to the traits of the consumer. Similarly, researchers in positive psychology have often argued well-being interventions will be more effective if they’re matched to an individual’s personality.
There’s no silver bullet for happiness. If we want to build our well-being, we have to learn how to build it around our personalities.
Luke Smillie is a senior lecturer in personality psychology at the University of Melbourne, Jessie Sun is a Ph.D. student at the University of California, Davis, and Rowan Jacques-Hamilton is a research assistant at the University of Melbourne. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
