Periodically adopting a diet that mimics the effects of fasting may boost health in a wide variety of ways, new research shows.
In a new study, Valter Longo and his colleagues showed that cycles of a four-day low-calorie diet that mimics fasting (FMD) cut visceral belly fat and elevated the number of progenitor and stem cells in several organs of old mice—including the brain, where it boosted neural regeneration and improved learning and memory.
The mouse tests were part of a three-tiered study on periodic fasting’s effects—testing yeast, mice, and humans—published in Cell Metabolism.
Mice, which have relatively short life spans, provided details about fasting’s lifelong effects. Yeast, which are simpler organisms, allowed Longo to uncover the biological mechanisms that fasting triggers at a cellular level. And a pilot study in humans found evidence that the mouse and yeast studies were applicable to humans.
Bimonthly cycles that lasted four days of an FMD that started at middle age extended life span, reduced the incidence of cancer, boosted the immune system, reduced inflammatory diseases, slowed bone-mineral-density loss, and improved the cognitive abilities of older mice tracked in the study.
The total monthly calorie intake was the same for the FMD and control diet groups, indicating that the effects were not the result of an overall dietary restriction.
Slashing Calories
In a pilot human trial, three cycles of a similar diet given to 19 subjects once a month for five days decreased risk factors and biomarkers for aging, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer with no major adverse side effects, according to Longo.
“Strict fasting is hard for people to stick to, and it can also be dangerous, so we developed a complex diet that triggers the same effects in the body,” said Longo, professor of biogerontology at the University of Southern California Davis School of Gerontology and director of the USC Longevity Institute.
“I’ve personally tried both, and the fasting-mimicking diet is a lot easier and also a lot safer.”
The diet slashed the individual’s caloric intake down to 34 to 54 percent of normal, with a specific composition of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and micronutrients. It decreased amounts of the hormone IGF-I, which is required during development to grow, but it is a promoter of aging and has been linked to cancer susceptibility.
It also increased the amount of the hormone IGFBP- and reduced biomarkers or risk factors linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, including glucose, trunk fat, and C-reactive protein, without negatively affecting muscle and bone mass.
Every Three to Six Months
Longo has previously shown how fasting can help starve out cancer cells while protecting immune and other cells from chemotherapy toxicity.
“It’s about reprogramming the body so it enters a slower aging mode, but also rejuvenating it through stem cell-based regeneration,” Longo said. “It’s not a typical diet because it isn’t something you need to stay on.”
For 25 days a month, study participants went back to their regular eating habits—good or bad—once they finished the treatment. They were not asked to change their diet and still saw positive changes.
Longo believes that for most normal people, the FMD can be done every three to six months, depending on the abdominal circumference and health status. For obese subjects or those with elevated disease-risk factors, the FMD could be recommended by the physician as often as once every two weeks. His group is testing its effect in a randomized clinical trial, which will be completed soon, with more than 70 subjects.
“If the results remain as positive as the current ones, I believe this FMD will represent the first safe and effective intervention to promote positive changes associated with longevity and health span, which can be recommended by a physician,” Longo said. “We will soon meet with FDA officers to pursue several FDA claims for disease prevention and treatment.”
Fasting With Caution
Despite its positive effects, Longo cautions against water-only fasting and warns even about attempting the fasting-mimicking diet without first consulting a doctor and seeking the doctor’s supervision throughout the process.
“Not everyone is healthy enough to fast for five days, and the health consequences can be severe for a few who do it improperly,” he said. “Water-only fasting should only be done in a specialized clinic. Also, certain types of very low-calorie diets, and particularly those with high protein content, can increase the incidence of gallstones in women at risk.
“In contrast, the fasting-mimicking diet tested in the trial can be done anywhere under the supervision of a physician and carefully following the guidelines established in the clinical trials,” he added.
Longo also cautioned that diabetic subjects should not undergo either fasting or fasting-mimicking diets while receiving insulin, metformin, or similar drugs. He also said that subjects with body mass index less than 18 should not undergo the FMD diet.
For the study, Longo collaborated with researchers and clinicians from USC as well as from Texas, Italy, and England. The National Institute on Aging funded the study.
This article was originally published by the University of Southern California. Republished via Futurity.org under Creative Commons License 4.0.
