Thinking About China
Opinion

China’s Gray-Zone Maritime Campaign and the Enforcement Gap

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China’s Gray-Zone Maritime Campaign and the Enforcement Gap
Fishing boats set sail for the East China Sea from a port in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China, on Aug. 1, 2021. Chen Yongjian/VCG via Getty Images
Antonio Graceffo
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Commentary
China’s massive distant-water fishing fleet operates as both an economic and paramilitary force, using illegal fishing, gray-zone tactics, and maritime militia operations to expand Beijing’s global influence.
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Antonio Graceffo
Antonio Graceffo
Author
Antonio Graceffo, Ph.D., is a China economy analyst who has spent more than 20 years in Asia. Graceffo is a graduate of the Shanghai University of Sport, holds an MBA from Shanghai Jiaotong University, and studied national security at American Military University.