The report, titled “Public Opinion in China: A Silent Liberal Majority?”, presents extensive quantitative research and polling data amassed by Stanford University professors Jennifer Pan and Yiqing Xu that directly contravene the notion of a monolithic populace that shares or assents to official propaganda.
A wide diversity of opinion exists whether the issue is politics within China, the rules for participating in the political process and taking part in public demonstrations, the number of children that couples are permitted to have, the uses of private capital, land ownership, trade and tariffs, foreign and military policy, or the role of the press and the need to accommodate foreign journalists who seek to report on China.
The authors of the CSIS report, Ilaria Mazzocco and Scott Kennedy, do not blame outsiders for having misconstrued public opinion within China to be somewhat monolithic. In their view, this is an understandable consequence of centralized autocratic power and the lack of political freedoms familiar to people in the West.
“Increasing centralization of power in China and reduced in-person exchanges with the West have driven the perception that only one person’s views in China matter: Xi Jinping’s. In addition to not having much power, most assume that Chinese citizens’ views are largely shaped by the CCP propaganda machine,” the authors of the report write.
This is a simplistic view, out of touch with the realities of a country among whose 1.4 billion people a considerable diversity of viewpoint is only to be expected.
“Not all citizens are supportive of government policies, nor do all their views reflect state propaganda. And, despite the risks, they are willing to share their opinions,” the authors of the report state.
The authors present the survey data culled by professors Pan and Xu as evidence that the populace in general is “more liberal than expected” and “more liberal than the official positions of their government.” Here it is important to specify that the authors use the term “liberal” in the sense of classical liberalism, that is, manifesting a general pro-market and pro-free speech stance, and an aversion to overregulation and state control.
Personal Rights and Families in China
When it comes to one of the most basic and personal of all rights, the right to reproduce freely and without concern for state-imposed limits and quotas, many people in China have decided views at odds with CCP orthodoxy and with the “one-child” policy with which CCP officials had long sought to keep birthrates down.Surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019 respectively asked respondents whether they agreed that the regime has no right to interfere with the question of whether to have children or how many to have. In the first of these two surveys, 23.5 percent of respondents said they strongly agreed with this statement, 23.4 percent that they agreed, 27.3 percent that they were neutral, 16 percent that they disagreed, and 6.5 percent that they strongly disagreed.
In the survey the following year, the numbers were mostly the same but respondents who strongly agreed that the regime should stay out edged up to 25.7 percent of the total, while 22.3 percent agreed, 25.8 percent were neutral, 16.9 percent disagreed, and 6 percent strongly disagreed.
With regard to the broader question of whether people should be able to hold and express views at odds with official state positions, results again conveyed a high degree of liberalism as defined by the reports’ authors. A total of 21.4 percent of respondents in the first (2018) poll strongly agreed that people should be allowed to voice positive or negative views toward state policies, 36.7 percent agreed, 25.9 percent were neutral, 8.9 percent disagreed, and 4.2 percent strongly disagreed.
In the 2019 poll on the same question, the number who strongly agreed had gone up to 22.8 percent, while 36.4 percent agreed, 26.8 percent were neutral, 8.2 percent disagreed, and 4.3 percent strongly disagreed.
The pollsters asked respondents for their views on a related proposition: that there should be limits on gatherings in public and participation in public demonstrations. This would appear to be an especially sensitive question in China ever since the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre. Some are afraid to speak out on the topic at all, even anonymously to a pollster, as evidenced by the finding that 4.3 percent and 4.0 percent of participants in the respective 2018 and 2019 surveys refused to give an answer.
In the 2018 survey, 9.9 percent strongly agreed that there should be limits, 21.8 percent agreed, 37 percent were neutral, 18.4 disagreed, and 8.6 percent strongly disagreed. In the 2019 survey, the corresponding figures were 9.5 percent, 23.9 percent, 34.8 percent, 20.1 percent, and 7.6 percent respectively.
Economic Policy and State Intervention in the Economy
With respect to the fiscal and economic stances of Xi Jinping’s regime, the report is unambiguous about CCP tendencies in recent years. Besides its growing political authoritarianism, the report argues, Xi’s regime has intervened in the workings of the economy even more aggressively than past Beijing administrations. The report describes the state capitalism practiced under Xi as encompassing a crackdown on the private sector and an increasing reliance on state-owned enterprises (SOEs).In order to gauge public sentiment on these trends, the pollsters asked participants a question that bears directly on the fundamental relationship between the state and the economy, namely, whether they agreed that private capital should be encouraged to launch private hospitals for the sake of offering convenient and state-of-the-art care to those who can afford to pay more. The results are telling. In the 2018 survey, 18.6 percent of respondents strongly agreed, 34.7 percent agreed, 25.7 percent were neutral, 11.5 percent disagreed, and 7 percent strongly disagreed. In the 2019 survey, the corresponding figures were 14.3 percent, 33 percent, 25.8 percent, 14.3 percent, and 5.9 percent.
When presented with another proposition that goes to the heart of the state-society relationship—that individuals should be allowed to own, buy, and sell land—the results are equally telling. In the 2018 survey, 4.4 percent refused to answer, 12.1 percent strongly agreed, 21.1 percent agreed, 27.4 percent were neutral, 21.4 percent disagreed, and 13.6 percent strongly disagreed. In the 2019 survey, the corresponding figures were 3.8 percent, 9.7 percent, 20 percent, 26.4 percent, 24 percent, and 16.2 percent.
Military and Foreign Policy
In their surveys of the Chinese public’s opinions on questions of military and foreign policy, the pollsters again found strong support for views more closely aligned with classical liberalism than with the dictates of the CCP, and found support for diplomacy rather than trying to crush Beijing’s enemies by force.One of the propositions put to respondents was, “The government should safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity as much as possible through diplomatic and economic means to avoid military conflicts.” In the 2018 survey, 39.6 percent strongly agreed, 36.6 percent agreed, 17.9 percent were neutral, and 4.9 percent disagreed. In the 2019 survey, 39.2 percent strongly agreed, 37.3 percent agreed, 15 percent were neutral, and 5.2 percent disagreed. Here it is notable that no responses were in the “strongly disagree” category.
Finally, results were mixed with regard to the proposition that journalists who produce negative coverage about China should be allowed into the country. In the 2018 survey, 9.4 percent strongly agreed, 15.9 percent agreed, 25.5 percent were neutral, 21.6 percent disagreed, and 24.8 percent strongly disagreed. In the 2019 survey, the figures were 5.5 percent, 14.3 percent, 24 percent, 22.7 percent, and 30.2 percent.
The report states that the combined sample size for each pair of 2018 and 2019 surveys was 2,329 respondents.
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