What Comes Next: Pope Francis’s Funeral and Conclave

More than 100 Cardinals from all over the world will gather to decide the next pope. The entire process could take around four weeks.

Pope Francis speaks during the weekly general audience, in Paul VI Audience Hall at the Vatican, on Feb. 12, 2025. Guglielmo Mangiapane/Reuters

Bells rang out from Vatican City on April 21, declaring that His Holiness, Pope Francis I, is dead.

Cardinal Kevin Farrell, the Catholic church’s camerlengo—the Vatican official responsible for announcing the pope’s death and overseeing funeral and burial preparations—is now tasked with leading the transition to a new pontificate.

First, Pope Francis’s funeral arrangements will commence, the pope’s apartments will be sealed, and his signet ring bearing the seal of his reign will be destroyed. Second, a multi-day funeral procession will take place at the Vatican, attended by clerical and lay people from all over the world. Third, the College of Cardinals will convene for the Conclave and elect the next pope.

The entire process could take around four weeks.

Pope Francis’s Cause of Death

The Vatican revealed that Pope Francis died at 7:35 a.m. local time in his Domus Sanctae Marthae apartment on April 21 after suffering a stroke, which led to a coma and then irreversible heart failure. He was 88 years old.

The news came with the declaration of death, made by Dr. Andrew Arcangeli, the Vatican’s Director of Health and Hygiene, who noted the pontiff was already suffering from multiple bronchiectases, arterial hypertension, and Type II Diabetes.

Francis died just a few weeks after enduring 38 days hospitalized for double pneumonia, including time on a respirator. His condition upon his release was considered stable and improving, but frail. The Holy See press office refrained from confirming his participation in any Holy Week and Easter celebrations.

According to the Holy See press office, Cardinal Farrell will preside over the rite of the certification of death and the laying of the pope’s body in the coffin, under the provisions of the Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis, the Rite of Burial for Roman Pontiffs, in the Chapel of the Domus Sanctae Marthae at 8 p.m. local time on April 21.

Pope Francis’s family members will participate along with the most eminent dean of the College of Cardinals, the Vatican’s director of the Directorate of Health and Hygiene, and his vice director.

Just before family and authorities gathered for the declaration of death, a rosary service was held in St. Peter’s Square for the repose of the soul of the Holy Father, led by His Eminence Cardinal Mauro Gambetti.

The Vatican has also announced that his body is scheduled to be moved to St. Peter’s Basilica for a public viewing on April 23.

Pope Francis’s Funeral

In 2024, Pope Francis made changes to the burial rite, one of which was moving the declaration of death into the chapel, and his body was immediately placed there in the coffin rather than in the room where he died.

Other changes included stripping away most of the pomp and circumstance presented in the funerals of Pope St. John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, such as having multiple coffins and being raised on a pedestal. Francis’s body and coffin of wood and zinc will be processed and placed in St. Peter’s Basilica for a public viewing period decided by the carmelengo. He will be buried in the Basilica of St. Mary Major rather than St. Peter’s Basilica.

Archbishop Diego Ravelli, master of pontifical liturgical celebrations, said that the changes are in line with the pope’s desire to simplify certain celebration rites so that they remain focused on Jesus Christ rather than the pope.

“The renewed rite also needed to emphasise even more that the funeral of the Roman Pontiff is that of a pastor and disciple of Christ and not of a powerful person of this world,” he said.

This more humble conclusion bookends the late pope’s introduction to the Catholic world, appearing on the night of his election in the simple white daily dress rather than the more opulent appearances of the past, which included a papal crown and royal-like vestments.

The funeral is supposed to take place within four to six days of the pope’s death. At the end of his funeral, a nine-day mourning period will be declared.

Conclave: What to Know

Upon conclusion of those nine days, the cardinal camerlengo will convene the College of Cardinals in the Sistine Chapel for conclave.

Typically, this means beginning 15 to 20 days after the pope’s death.

The College of Cardinals has been exclusively tasked with electing the next pope since 1059, and was constituted in its current form in 1150.

The College consists of all current cardinals, but only those under the age of 80 are allowed to vote, and no cardinal older than 80 can be considered for the pope. While any Catholic man can technically be elected pope, the college has not elected a non-cardinal in more than 500 years.

As of Saturday, the cardinal electors are spread out across the world, including 10 from the United States. Those 10 include Farrell, as well as Cardinal Timothy Dolan, who is metropolitan archbishop of New York, and Cardinal Raymond Burke, former archbishop of St. Louis and Cardinal Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

Previous precedent had put the voter limit at 120, but that could change after Pope Francis’s own cardinal nominations pushed the number beyond that.

The cardinals will be sworn to secrecy and secluded from the world within the Vatican, housed at the Casa Santa Marta building built by Pope St. John Paul II, to pray and discuss who should be the next pope without distractions from the outside world.

Only select people, such as the cardinals’ secretaries, doctors, and masters of ceremonies, are allowed to enter.

One vote is cast on the first day, and four votes are cast each subsequent day.

Mandatory fasting measures can be imposed if the voting takes too long.

A minimum two-thirds majority vote is needed to elect the new pope. After each vote, the ballots are burned to send a smoke signal to those waiting in St. Peter’s Square and around the world.

Black smoke means they did not reach a consensus. White smoke announces that the cardinals have picked the next pope.

The electee is then asked if he wishes to take the position. Once he accepts and chooses his papal name, the cardinal deacon will appear before the tens of thousands gathered in the square and declare, “Habemus Papam” (we have a pope).

This will be the third time that Catholic Church leaders have come together in this century, starting with the election of Pope Benedict XVI, formerly Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, in 2005, after the passing of Pope Saint John Paul II. The College of Cardinals convened a second time, in 2013, to elect Pope Francis after Benedict abdicated, citing health concerns.

No American cardinal has ever been elected pope. Pope Francis, a native of Argentina, was the first pope to come from the Western Hemisphere.