ANALYSIS: Cashless Transition Steamrolls Ahead After Major Bank Closes All Branches

Australians made $746 million in digital payments in 2018—that number soared to $93 billion in 2022.

A BankWest sign hangs outside its Elizabeth Street branch in Melbourne, Australia on Oct. 8, 2008. William West/AFP via Getty Images

A new all-in-one mobile app will offer what its developers claim is Australia’s first end-to-end digital banking platform for the country’s 2.4 million businesses with fewer than 10 employees.

The announcement comes a day after Bankwest announced that it is closing 45 of its branches and transitioning the remaining 15 to Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) branches, going digital-only by October 2024.

Bankwest is a subsidiary of the Commonwealth Bank, which trades on the Australian Stock Exchange.

The new app, called Business+, was built by Sydney-based banking software company Constantinople, a startup founded by two ex-Westpac executives. Last year it raised $32 million from investors to develop a “bank-in-a-box” platform aimed at traditional financial institutions.

Business+ Wades Into Troubled Neobank Waters

The Business+ app is being launched by Great Southern Bank.

CEO and Managing Director Paul Lewis said the company had “taken the best of the neo-bank proposition, digitally first, with what we’re good at, which is the banking license side, regulatory requirements.”

Neobanks are digital-only banking platforms that operate solely online. However, in recent years, a string of notable neobanks have struggled to stay afloat including Volt and Xinja.

Now live on Google Play and Apple App stores, Business+ offers everyday transactions, savings accounts, and loans. Within the next few months, Mr. Lewis said, it will also feature secured loans, credit cards, asset finance, and other products for micro-business owners.

Paul Lewis, CEO and Managing Director of Great Southern Bank. Courtesy Great Southern Bank

“We’ve got the whole package, which I think is a first in Australia,” he said, noting that other neo-banks launched with only a handful of basic products such as savings accounts, but no lending capability.

Small businesses would be able to sign up for an account in under 10 minutes, a time frame he called “fantastic.”

The customer-owned bank also announced on March 8 that it had recorded a 43 percent increase in home loans issued to first-time buyers, and grew its retail deposits by 2.4 percent to $13.33 billion in the six months to Dec. 31.

The transition to a so-called “cashless society” started around 50 years ago with the introduction of credit and later debit cards, but it accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, when consumers and retailers were wary of handling potentially infected notes and coins.

Banks are investing heavily to handle digital transactions. Capital expenditure on software grew from $3.5 billion in 2005, to $28.5 billion in 2022.

Going Cashless Has Its Risks

The disappearance of cash—should it happen—is not without issues, however.

There have been numerous internet outages—both fixed line and mobile—by businesses offering internet and mobile services, including Commonwealth Bank, NAB, Optus, and Square. On March 8, Telstra customers suffered a major service outage as well.

In 2022, Tasmania suffered a six-hour internet outage after two of the three cables connecting the state to the mainland were taken offline. All these events affected electronic payment services with lost sale opportunities, and businesses reportedly asking customers to pay with cash.

Associate Professor of Finance at RMIT University Angel Zhong believes that the move to a cashless society in Australia is inevitable, and already well underway.

She estimates cash will have disappeared by 2030, slightly later than Commonwealth Bank’s prediction of 2026 (pdf).

The trend away from cash also affects marginalised groups.

In the UK, the Access to Cash Review considered this issue in its 2019 report (pdf), warning that “sleepwalking into a cashless society will leave millions behind.”

“We encountered a widespread perception that the elderly are the most reliant on cash, but our research refutes this. For a start, poverty is the biggest indicator of cash dependency, not age,” the report says.

“We identified risks to the viability of rural communities, the loss of personal independence, and increased risks of financial abuse and debt. We don’t believe that leaving this many people behind is an acceptable outcome.”

There is also a risk to “community and connection,” the report says.

“Making transactions is a form of interaction that’s natural to us all. It helps people connect, and cash can be an enabler for making these connections ... There’s a risk that the move to a cashless society could reduce the opportunity for interaction, and so negatively affect communities.”

How Fast is Australia Going?

Australia is transitioning to a cashless society faster than almost anywhere else.

Last year, the Australian Banking Association reported (pdf) that the use of digital wallet payments on smartphones and watches had increased from $746 million in 2018 to over $93 billion in 2022.

Cash accounted for only 13 percent of consumer payments in Australia at the end of 2022, in contrast to 70 percent in 2007.

The report concluded that “Australian consumers are fast adopters of cashless and mobile payments ahead of their global peers.”

The average number of cashless payments per person, per year. Courtesy of the Australian Banking Association.

One of the few faster adopters than Australia is Sweden, where retail payments by cash declined from 40 percent in 2010 to just eight percent in 2022. In the UK, 19 percent of transactions were still made in cash in the same year.

In Denmark, 12 percent of physical trade transactions and 25 percent of person-to-person payments were in coins and notes, while in the United States cash remains supreme, accounting for 67 percent of all retail transactions, while across the border 31 percent of Canadians use cash for day-to-day purchases.

Neighbouring NZ Rejects the Trend

Just across the Tasman Sea, New Zealanders have taken a different approach.

Almost half (49.8 percent) of people use cash to pay for everyday items, and in 2022, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand was told via a survey that most residents did not want a cashless society.

To bridge the gap, the central bank is considering introducing a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)—an electronic form of money that can be used instead of banknotes and coins.

A CBDC is issued by a central bank but people do not need a bank account to use it, and it is legal tender, just as with cash.

According to American think tank, the Atlantic Council, 24 countries have introduced or are piloting CBDCs, and a further 63 are exploring the idea.

In an attempt to protect people buying and selling in the digital world, the Australian government has expanded the definitions of “payment system” and “participant” in the Payment Systems (Regulation) Act 1998 to ensure the Reserve Bank of Australia can regulate new and emerging payment systems, such as digital wallet providers and Buy Now Pay Later service providers.

However, the providers mostly oppose any move towards greater control.

Apple, for instance, called the proposal “not a proportionate nor evidence-based regulatory response” and claims, “In the case of Apple Pay, significant investment has been encouraged by regulatory certainty and an absence of unnecessary regulatory intervention.”

AAP contributed to this report