Despite securing ever-greater nominal authority over the levers of power in communist China, Chinese leader Xi Jinping appears to be facing intractable and growing challenges from within the regime itself.
Over recent years and months, several top officers in China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have been investigated for corruption, have been removed from their posts, or have vanished from public view.
While the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has pursued a nationwide anti-corruption campaign since Xi took office in 2013, the recent disciplinary actions have drawn attention, given that those targeted are not factional rivals of the Chinese leader but his close lieutenants.
China watchers are now paying close attention to signs regarding the fate of Gen. He Weidong—the regime’s third-most powerful military officer has been missing from public view since mid-March.
Beijing ‘Turns the Knife Inward’
He, vice chairman of the CCP’s Central Military Commission, serves alongside fellow Vice Chairman Gen. Zhang Youxia, while the head of the commission—and hence the PLA—is Xi himself.
The general was conspicuously absent from a crucial central work conference of the CCP leadership held on April 8 and April 9 and, before that, an annual PLA ceremony in Beijing held on April 2.
The earlier cases of officers Li and Miao further bode ill for He, who assumed the Central Military Commission vice chairmanship in 2022 at the CCP’s 20th National Congress, which saw Xi take a norm-breaking third term as head of the Party.
Particularly following the 20th Party Congress, the CCP has promoted such rhetoric as “daring to carry out self-revolution,” “turning the knife inwards,” and “scraping poison from bone” to describe the Xi leadership’s efforts to root out corruption and other internal factors that could lead to the “suicide and self-destruction” of the Communist Party.
The Chinese military, which has not fought a war since its short-lived invasion of Vietnam in 1979, has long been riddled with embezzlement, bribery, and illicit patronage networks. Starting in 2016, Xi implemented a large-scale restructuring of the PLA, while the anti-corruption campaign took down “big tigers”—parlance for powerful, corrupt officials—in the military, including generals Xu Caihou and Guo Boxiong.
Kung Shan-Son, an expert on Chinese politics with Taiwan’s Institute for National Defense and Security Research, told The Epoch Times at the time of Miao’s investigation that by “beginning to purge those close to him,” Xi is leaning on the anti-corruption campaign “as a tool to tighten his grip” on the PLA.
Asked about He’s fate at a press briefing on March 27, a spokesman for the Chinese Defense Ministry said he was “unaware” of any investigation into the Central Military Commission vice chief, without denying the possibility.
This contrasts with a similar question raised in November 2024 in reference to Adm. Dong Jun, who replaced Li as defense minister, to which the Chinese Defense Ministry stated that reports of Dong’s investigation were “purely fabricated with malicious intent.”
Has Xi Lost Control?
In addition to the recent purges targeting Xi’s own confidantes and appointees, fierce internecine struggles within the CCP elite may be hamstringing the Chinese leader’s authority, effectively weaponizing the regime apparatus against Xi.According to commentator Wang Youqun, who holds a doctorate in law at China’s Renmin University and served as a copywriter for a senior CCP Politburo member, the purges of Li and Miao—and likely He—for corruption represent the erosion of Xi’s power over the military.
Wang also noted that rumors are swirling about the alleged ongoing investigations into multiple other Chinese military commanders, and he wrote that “Xi’s authority has eroded since the third plenary session [of the CCP Central Committee] in July 2024.”
Notably, the 72-year-old Zhang is one of a handful of active PLA military personnel who are veterans of actual combat, having served in the Sino–Vietnamese War.
Li had served for only five months in his post before his disappearance and removal. Similarly, former Foreign Minister Qin Gang was in his role for less than a year, from December 2022 to July 2023.
Qin, who had previously been China’s ambassador in Washington, vanished from public view for weeks before the official announcement that he had been dismissed, amid speculation that he had aroused the ire of CCP authorities for fathering an illegitimate son with a Hong Kong journalist in the United States.
Although Qin was not openly charged with any crime, his removal and transfer to a sinecure position are regarded as a blow to Xi’s prestige, given that he was promoted often and rapidly after Xi came to power.
‘Inevitable Failure’
According to overseas Chinese independent commentator Cao Shenkun and Australia-based Chinese dissident and jurist Yuan Hongbing, the Xi leadership’s relentless pursuit of “self-rectification” has rattled the nerves of many PLA officers, creating an atmosphere of dread among the ranks.Citing his contacts within the CCP elite, Yuan said that while in custody, Miao had gone into a frenzy and spent days handwriting a long list of military officers and detailing their alleged offenses.
More than 10 years of nonstop anti-corruption drives, increasingly authoritarian controls over civil society, the intensification of communist ideological indoctrination, the three-year “zero-COVID” lockdowns, and other left-leaning policies under Xi appear to be taking their toll not just on ordinary Chinese people but also the CCP officialdom, who see their interests and security threatened.
In early February, an article began circulating on overseas Chinese websites detailing the presence of a “vast technocratic bureaucracy” that has come to oppose and undermine Xi’s leadership.
Although it offers no criticism of the Communist Party or its ideology, the article, titled “The Inevitable Failure of Xi Jinping,” argues that the regime has come to the brink of collapse because of Xi’s ruinous economic policies and can be rescued only through his removal.
According to the article, allegedly written by a functionary in the General Office of the CCP Central Committee, officials in the “technocratic bureaucracy” work at all levels of administration and were shaped by the CCP’s “reform and opening up” beginning in 1978 that saw China adopt a measure of capitalist market principles.
Disgruntled individuals in this system have been taking action to hamper the implementation of Xi’s governance, in some cases even adopting and twisting his own doctrines to achieve results contrary to the leader’s intentions, “using Xi’s words to oppose Xi,” according to the article.
“[This is a] phenomenon that permeates all spheres of Chinese politics, economics, propaganda, and justice,” the article reads, noting that the “technocrats” are so deeply entrenched that Xi will never be able to purge them thoroughly.
Hence, Xi’s rule is “doomed to inevitable failure.”
Professor Zhang Tianliang, who teaches at Fei Tian Academy of the Arts in upstate New York and hosts a Chinese-language YouTube channel on current affairs, said that the article reflects the existence of “a deep state behind Xi Jinping.”
On his program, Zhang said in early February that although Xi is aware of his position, he does not dare to truly tear down the CCP’s “deep state” lest it result in the downfall of the entire regime.
