The Group of 20 top world economies have adopted a consensus declaration that steered clear of directly condemning Russia over the war in Ukraine, instead broadly urging all nations to refrain from using force to annex territory. Additionally, the G20 welcomed the African Union as a new member.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the adoption of the Leaders’ Declaration on the first day of the two-day G20 summit in India’s capital, New Delhi. Beginning on Sept. 9, the summit convened to address major global and economic challenges. It marks the first time India is hosting the G20 summit, which was formed in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis.
Compromise on Language
Possibly the most contentious issue at this year’s summit was how to address the Ukraine war in the joint statement. There had been doubt that an agreement could be adopted because of differences among members.Despite objections from Russia and China over references to the Ukrainian conflict, Indian officials confirmed that the leaders reached a compromise on the language in several paragraphs to describe the war in Ukraine.
“We call on all states to uphold the principles of international law including territorial integrity and sovereignty, international humanitarian law, and the multilateral system that safeguards peace and stability,” the declaration said.
“We ... welcome all relevant and constructive initiatives that support a comprehensive, just, and durable peace in Ukraine.
“In line with the U.N. Charter, all states must refrain from the threat or use of force to seek territorial acquisition against the territorial integrity and sovereignty or political independence of any state. The use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is inadmissible,” it added.
The G20 statement did not directly reference Russia’s invasion. It also had slightly milder language regarding the Russia–Ukraine war compared to the declaration from last year’s meeting in Bali. The statement from the Bali meeting said that “most members strongly condemned the war in Ukraine,” but “there were other views” as well.
However, the Bali statement had also quoted a U.N. resolution deploring “in the strongest terms the aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine and demands its complete and unconditional withdrawal from the territory of Ukraine.”
The New Delhi statement “recalled” the statement in Bali and the U.N. resolution, but didn’t quote the strong language from them.
The Ukrainian foreign ministry remarked that the latest G20 statement was “nothing to be proud of,” adding that G20 participants might have had a more accurate grasp of the situation if there was a Ukrainian presence at the summit. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy wasn’t invited to address the G20.
Black Sea Initiative
The summit came days after Russian President Vladimir Putin said that a deal facilitated by the United Nations and Turkey called the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which allowed for Ukraine to export grain safely via the Black Sea, would remain suspended until his conditions regarding Russia’s agricultural exports are met by Western nations.Moscow had pulled out of the agreement in July over what it called a failure to meet its demands to implement a parallel agreement easing rules for its own food and fertilizer exports.
Africa Joins G20
The G20 members account for roughly 85 percent of the global gross domestic product. The group includes the Group of Seven (G7) countries, the European Union, and 12 other countries, including China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. On Sept. 9, G20 leaders agreed to make the African Union (AU)—a bloc of 55 states in Africa—a permanent member, in an effort to make it more representative.Both Chinese leader Xi Jinping and Mr. Putin did not attend this year’s summit.
Mr. Putin’s absence was anticipated as he did not attend the summit last year either. But Mr. Xi’s absence disappointed several world leaders, including President Biden.
Some have speculated that China’s absence means that it is abandoning the G20 and establishing an alternative world order that will favor groups such as the BRICS. The BRICS, comprising the world economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has decided to expand its membership by welcoming six members—Saudi Arabia, Iran, Ethiopia, Egypt, Argentina, and the United Arab Emirates—as part of its effort to update what it perceives as an obsolete global order.
To counter that notion, President Biden is striving to fill the void left by Mr. Xi this year by presenting America as a reliable partner capable of uniting the world’s richest countries around common goals.
Separately, the United States, India, the EU, and others unveiled plans on Sept. 9 to build a “groundbreaking” infrastructure project—a rail and shipping corridor linking India with the Middle East and Europe. The effort aims to strengthen economic growth and political cooperation.
The project is considered one of the White House’s key initiatives in the Middle East to counter China’s growing sway in the region through its controversial infrastructure program, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Since 2013, the BRI has significantly invested in global infrastructure, pouring billions across Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Asia. But the communist nation has recently faced U.S. allegations of employing “debt-trap diplomacy” to lure countries into its orbit.
