5 Things to Know About the G20 Summit as World Leaders Gather in Rio de Janeiro

World leaders have convened in Brazil for the G20 summit, focusing on economic reform, climate action, and rising global conflicts.

A Brazilian army soldier stands guard in front of the Rocinha slum in Rio de Janeiro as part of security measures for the G20 summit, on Nov. 17, 2024. Tercio Teixeira/AFP via Getty Images

RIO DE JANEIRO—World leaders, including U.S. President Joe Biden and Chinese leader Xi Jinping, have gathered in Rio de Janeiro for the annual G20 summit from Nov. 18 to Nov. 19.

The G20, whose members represent nearly two-thirds of the global population and about 85 percent of the world’s gross domestic product, is a group created in 1999 to address international economic issues. The first G20 summit was held in Washington in 2008 in response to the financial crisis. Subsequent meetings were held biannually in 2009 and 2010. They have been held annually since.

This year’s summit topics include combating hunger and poverty, expanding climate action, and reforming global governance.

The summit also comes amid increasing conflict and international tensions, including the Israel–Hamas war in the Middle East, the Russia–Ukraine war in Eastern Europe, and the Chinese regime’s aggression around Taiwan and in the South China Sea.

Experts said an environment of international uncertainty is a talking point of the event.

“To look at the G20, I think you see that the great differences and internal conflicts among the members are reappearing,” R. Evan Ellis, a research professor of Latin American studies at the U.S. Army War College and a former policy planning staff member at the State Department during the previous Trump administration, told The Epoch Times.

“Look at some of the key players who were going to be there. Europe’s moved to the right and Italy’s president is going to be there. Japan with the chaos that just came out of the Japanese government. The United States with President Biden with a political transition. Turkey there, with some of the questionable rules that Erdogan has played in NATO and in other places.”

As tensions rise, uncertainties grow, and a new incoming Trump administration takes center stage in the United States and abroad, here are five things to know about the 2024 G20 summit.

1. Impact of Trump’s Election Win

A Republican trifecta—controlling the White House, the House of Representatives, and the Senate—is a topic that world leaders were expected to discuss at the G20.

“I think probably one of the most ironic things that is happening at these multilateral forums, especially APEC and the G20, is that most of the leaders there are probably taking advantage of this time together to figure out how to respond to the dramatic change from the Biden administration to the Trump administration in the United States,” Ellis said.

Ernesto Araújo, Brazil’s former foreign minister, who worked with Trump’s Cabinet on bilateral ties during the Republican’s previous administration, said Trump’s “America First” approach might mean that he will use other means of diplomacy rather than “multilateral” forums.

“Donald Trump is coming in with an agenda that will go head-on against the multilateral system in areas such as climate and the environment in general, including the possibility he could leave the Paris Climate Agreement and go back to privileging production and using fossil fuels, besides the health issue,” Araújo told The Epoch Times. “I see all of them are preparing to criticize Trump’s angle, saying, ‘We’re more concerned about what is coming ahead.’

“I can nearly write the speeches these countries are about to make with this ‘concern’ thing regarding what Trump will mean, how it threatens the ‘multilateral system,’ ‘global governance,’ and such things.”

The new administration’s economic policies are also a key driver of conversations.

President Joe Biden arrives at Manaus-Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Manaus, Brazil, before heading to Rio de Janeiro for the G20 summit, on Nov. 17, 2024. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images

Trump’s return to the presidency has leaders weighing how to respond to potential new tariffs, which the president-elect promised on the campaign trail.

In a report published earlier this year, UBS, Switzerland’s main bank, highlighted that U.S. tariffs at 60 percent could slash China’s yearly growth by more than half.

The move could also affect U.S. allies.

South Korean congressmen proposed a new stimulus package to safeguard national semiconductor producers this month, as they expect the Chinese regime to respond to higher U.S. tariffs by cutting prices on Chinese semiconductors, which could harm the industry in South Korea.

Trump has backed up his campaign trail rhetoric about tariffs—mostly centered on China—with an ensemble of Cabinet picks that advocate for a strict approach to the Chinese regime, including Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) as secretary of state and Rep. Mike Waltz (R-Fla.) as national security adviser.

Speaking at the APEC summit in Peru on Nov. 16 before heading to the G20 gathering in Brazil, Xi said, “Asia-Pacific cooperation is confronted with challenges such as rising tendencies of geopolitics, unilateralism and protectionism.”

Xi also met with Biden in Peru on Nov. 16. He said that “China is ready to work with the new U.S. administration to maintain communication, expand cooperation, and manage differences, so as to strive for a steady transition of the China–U.S. relationship for the benefit of the two peoples.”

Experts and former government officials said that international summits such as the G20 usually prepare most of the public agreements and documents beforehand and that the diversity of the countries involved can translate into little agreement on how to approach challenges.

“The G20 has been a forum that continually increases the number of themes it seeks to address and ends up not really addressing any of them in depth,” Araújo said.

Ellis said that due to international disagreement, there is “very little concrete progress that has or will be achieved, unfortunately.”

President Joe Biden tours the Museu da Amazonia as he visits the Amazon Rainforest in Manaus, Brazil, before heading to Rio de Janeiro for the G20 summit, on Nov. 17, 2024. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images

2. China’s Latin America Push

The G20 summit in Rio takes place as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) flexes diplomatic and strategic muscle in Latin America.

Xi and Peruvian President Dina Boluarte inaugurated the Chancay Megaport in Peru on Nov. 14. The Chinese-built project began with an initial investment of $1.3 billion and the promise of reducing the maritime transport time between the two countries. It will allow the Chinese regime to increase its commercial activities not only in Peru, but also in neighboring countries.

Days before the summit, the Brazilian and Peruvian governments discussed the port during a meeting on foreign trade. An “opportunity to transport Brazilian production” through this framework was mentioned.

U.S. officials and experts have raised concerns about the potential military capabilities of the port.

During the port’s inauguration, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs Brian Nichols said, “We believe it is essential that countries across the hemisphere ensure that PRC economic activities respect local laws as well as safeguard human rights and environmental protections.”

Joseph Humire, the executive director of the Center for a Secure Free Society, previously told The Epoch Times that the depth of the port makes it capable of receiving large cargo ships, but also aircraft carriers.

A July report by Leland Lazarus, associate director of national security at Florida International University, pointed to the potential for the Chancay port to help Beijing undermine American economic interests in Latin America and even spy on U.S. naval activities.

An army tank is seen at Botafogo Beach with Sugarloaf Mountain in the background as part of the security preparations ahead of the G20 Leaders Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on Nov. 16, 2024. Pablo Porciuncula/AFP via Getty Images

The U.S. Southern Command, the military institution responsible for security in Latin America and the Caribbean, has reported security concerns to Congress about similar projects.

“The PRC continues to increase its self-serving activities to gain global influence and leverage across all domains in the USSOUTHCOM AOR: cyber, space, extractive and energy industries, transportation hubs, roads, infrastructure, telecommunications, legal and illegal fishing, agriculture, and military training,” a 2021 Southern Command report to Congress reads.

“The PRC is also seeking to establish global logistics and basing infrastructure in our hemisphere in order to project and sustain military power at greater distances.”

The Brazilian government told the press that after the G20 summit, Xi will meet with the Brazilian president in the country’s capital where, according to the Brazilian government, there will be a “confirmation of the elevation of this relationship” and the signing of several agreements in various sectors.

China replaced the United States as Brazil’s largest trading partner in 2009, a position it has kept since. The same has happened with other countries throughout the region. From 2002 to 2019, Chinese trade with Latin America soared from $17 billion to more than $315 billion, according to figures published by the U.S. military.

Brazil is Latin America’s largest economy and the only one to consistently feature among the world’s top 10. It is also the fifth largest country in the world, bigger than the contiguous continental United States.

The timing of the Chinese regime’s show of strength in the region might not be accidental.

According to Ellis, a new Trump administration could mean greater attention to Latin America.

“With Marco Rubio as the first Hispanic secretary of state, you will see unprecedented attention to Latin America, although very hawkish,” he said. “I think it will focus on greater containment of authoritarian actors, such as Venezuela, Nicaragua, Cuba, and some of the others that are going in that direction, such as Bolivia or Honduras.”

3. Russia’s Putin Is Not Attending

Russia’s diplomacy is also in focus at the G20 summit. Russian President Vladimir Putin was invited by the Brazilian government to attend the summit.

Putin said in October that his presence at the summit might be disruptive as conversations could focus on the ICC arrest warrant issued for him last year. He said that someone else would represent Moscow at the event. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov is attending in his place.

Brazil would in theory be required to arrest the Russian president if he were to attend the meeting because Brazil is a signatory to the Rome Statute, the agreement that created the ICC.

Putin said that he has “wonderful friendly relations” with Brazil’s president and that Russia could sign a bilateral agreement with Brazil to bypass the ICC’s arrest warrant if needed.

“Decisions of this kind are very easy to circumvent, it is enough to sign an intergovernmental agreement and that’s it—the jurisdiction of the ICC will be limited,” Putin said.

Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is also expected to promote a peace proposal for Ukraine, which was drafted jointly with the Chinese regime.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy told Brazilian news outlet Metropoles: “The proposal by China and Brazil is destructive. It is just a political statement. ... Unfortunately, I believe that they [the Brazilian government] support Russia.”

Mathias Cormann, the secretary-general of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a group that has been part of the event since its first meeting in 2008, was not invited by Brazil to participate in the event this year.

Araújo said that the bad relations between Brazil and the OECD, which were already frozen, were made explicit “in the absence of an invitation for the OECD to participate in the G20.”

He said the absence of the OECD “tends to create a kind of split in the G20.”

“Because there are countries there that are active, important members of the OECD. Such as the United States, European countries, Japan, and Argentina itself, which is in the process of joining the OECD,” he said.

“So it means disunity in this G20 grouping—which was supposed to be precisely a union of more and less developed countries.”

Brazil previously expressed an interest in becoming a full member of the OECD in 2017, and was eventually invited to begin a process of accession in January 2022, but has slowed down its ties to the organization after the 2022 presidential election.

4. Final Declaration to Focus on ‘Global Governance’

The drafting of the meeting’s final joint declaration has been a sensitive topic in recent years due to international conflicts and tensions.

“It shows, in part, the complicated position that Brazil has on some of these issues, as it itself is trying to be a peacemaker and in some ways is going against the position of other actors, such as the United States,” Ellis said. “But also within the G20, there are deep divisions on these issues, especially Israel’s conduct in the war, and the position on Palestine.”

India, which chaired the G20 last year, faced the challenge of drafting a final declaration that would be accepted by most members. It ultimately addressed the war in Ukraine but stopped short of condemning the Russian government. This year, the final declaration is not expected to address the Russia–Ukraine war, a decision criticized by some members who argue that the conflict affects the global economy and should be included in the final declaration.

Instead, the final document is anticipated to focus on themes such as food security, sustainable development, and changes in global governance. It will likely propose reforms to international organizations, including the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.

On Nov. 16, Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Sa'ar criticized the final declaration as “unbalanced and biased against Israel.”

Araújo said the failure to address these issues reduces expectations for the G20, which, despite having begun as a financial forum, has been addressing topics such as security in recent years.

“It would certainly be difficult to have a declaration that harmonized the positions of all—Europeans, Russians, and Americans—on this issue of Ukraine, for example,” he said. “But that is what diplomacy is for: trying to reach common ground. But to give up on it as a nonstarter, that is very bad for us.”

Araújo said the way the Ukraine issue was handled could benefit Russia.

“Morally they are wrong, they invaded another country, they broke all the rules of international law,” he said. “So the only thing you don’t want is for the issue to be discussed in any forum, because if it were discussed at the G20, what would come up? Everyone would have to affirm these principles of international law. So in a way, it is a victory for Russia not to bring this issue up.”

5. Protests

Protests over various issues took place during the buildup to the summit and are scheduled to continue during the meeting.

One protest highlights the plight of people jailed in connection to the invasion of Brazil’s institutional buildings on Jan. 8, 2023. People stormed into Brazil’s presidential palace, National Congress building, and Federal Supreme Court building in an episode reminiscent of the Jan. 6, 2021, incident at the U.S. Capitol.

Environmental activists display signs that read, "World leaders, the Amazon is watching" at Botafogo Beach with Sugarloaf Mountain in the background in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on Nov. 17, 2024. Luis Robayo/AFP via Getty Images

Those who protested ahead of the G20 summit claimed that the Jan. 8 protesters didn’t have access to due legal process and were arrested based on allegations of attempting a coup. Many of the Jan. 8 protesters who were arrested claimed they were not among those who committed violence at the time and shouldn’t be considered guilty for being there.

So far, 265 people have been sentenced for the Jan. 8 events, with some receiving up to 17 years in prison for attempting to abolish the democratic rule of law. More than 1,000 others have been jailed or are subject to restrictions on their movement and speech. They claim they have not received due legal process.

On Nov. 17, photos of them, along with Brazilian journalists whose passports have been canceled and whose social media accounts have been censored nationwide for reporting on the issue—amid authorities’ claims that they incited violence—were displayed at the Copacabana Palace Hotel, an iconic building in Rio de Janeiro.

More protests related to the Jan. 8 events are planned to take place near the G20 summit’s venue. They are supported by some conservative Brazilian congressmen.

Hard-left groups in Brazil are also promoting what they call “the largest national protest defending Palestine” on Nov. 18.

Organizers include the Party of the Workers’ Cause, a small local communist party, and others. They said that protesters will be arriving in buses from at least four states. A minimum of 20 buses with protesters are expected to be in Rio de Janeiro for the protest.

Brazilian Falun Gong practitioners on Nov. 17 held a peaceful appeal in front of the G20 venue, where Xi will attend the summit, and displayed banners on a highway on which the Chinese delegation was expected to travel.

Screenshot from a video provided to The Epoch Times shows Chinese protesters trying to stop Falun Gong practitioners from displaying a banner about the spiritual discipline, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on Nov. 17, 2024.

Demonstrators asked the Chinese regime to stop the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners.

Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa, is an ancient Chinese spiritual practice based on the principles of truthfulness, compassion, and forbearance. In 1999, fearing the growing popularity of the discipline, the CCP launched an extensive campaign of persecution against Falun Gong practitioners. Since then, practitioners have been persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and killed by the regime.

Falun Gong practitioners demonstrate peacefully in front of the G20 venue in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, on Nov. 17, 2024.

On Nov. 17, ethnic Chinese people arrived by bus and displayed large Chinese flags. They attempted to cover the Falun Gong demonstrators’ banners, screamed at them in Chinese, harassed and threatened them, and photographed their license plates. Falun Gong practitioners requested assistance from local law enforcement.

Reporters from The Epoch Times were harassed on location as they covered the protest. No similar incidents were reported during other protests.