House to Vote on Bills That Provide Citizenship Path to Illegal Immigrants

An eight-foot-tall security fence topped with concertina razor wire surrounds the U.S. Capitol and National Guard vehicles are parked inside the temporary perimeter in Washington, on March 16, 2021. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

The Democrat-controlled House of Representatives is set to vote on two immigration bills that would provide a citizenship path for illegal immigrants and legal status for immigrant farmworkers.

House Democratic Leader Steny Hoyer (D-Md.) told reporters that the House would take up the bills on March 18 after they cleared a procedural hurdle on March 16.

Neither bill was taken up in the Senate when it had a Republican majority. With Democrats now holding narrow control of the upper chamber, they hope to be able to attract some Republican support.

The American Dream and Promise Act would offer a pathway to citizenship to those who entered the country illegally as children and are currently living in the United States, also known as “Dreamers.” The same bill would also help immigrants in the country who received temporary migration protections. The bill is sponsored by Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard (D-Calif.).

An estimated 4.4 million illegal immigrants could become eligible for permanent residency if the bill is passed, according to the Migration Policy Institute. In 2019, seven Republicans joined 230 Democrats in the House in voting for the bill.

The other immigration bill, the Farm Workforce Modernization Act, would provide illegal immigrant agricultural workers a path to legal status, and make the H-2A guestworker program more flexible for employers. The bill is sponsored by Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) and has a Republican co-sponsor, Rep. Dan Newhouse (R-Wash.). It passed the House in 2019 with the support of 34 Republicans.

Hoyer said on March 16: “These two bills are not the fix, but they are [a] fix to part of the problem. But we need to pass comprehensive immigration reform and we’re going to do so in the coming months.”

House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-Md.) wears a mask while speaking to reporters at the U.S. Capitol in Washington on Jan. 11, 2021. (Stefani Reynolds/Getty Images)

Rep. Tom McClintock (R-Calif.), ranking member of the House Judiciary Sub-Committee on Immigration, said on March 16 that the two bills are “implicitly promising the next generation [that] all they have to do is get here and their turn will come.”

The two bills each address portions of a larger, radical immigration reform bill that Democrats formally introduced last month in both the House and the Senate with the support of President Joe Biden, the U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021.

This bill models closely Biden’s sweeping proposal he sent to Congress on his first day in office. It would provide an eight-year pathway to U.S. citizenship for an estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the country. Its lead sponsors are Sen. Bob Menendez (D-N.J.) and Rep. Linda Sánchez (D-Calif.).

The bill doesn’t offer any enhanced border security, which past immigration negotiations have used as a way to win Republican votes. The bill would need the support of at least 10 Republicans in the Senate to pass.

Sen. Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), the Senate’s No. 2 Democrat, said on March 15 that he doesn’t believe that the Biden-backed bill would have enough backing in either chamber. But he promised that the House would eventually pass a more far-reaching immigration reform plan.

Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), one of the leading Republicans in past talks on immigration, said he believed bipartisan progress on immigration legislation would be “much harder” amid a surge in illegal immigrants at the U.S.–Mexico border.

“Why would you legalize anybody, sending another incentive to keep coming, until you stop the flow?” he told a reporter on Capitol Hill. “I think it’s going to be really hard to get a bipartisan bill put together on anything that has a legalization component until you stop the flow.”

‘Almost No Border Security’

Graham called the U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021 a “non-starter,” in part because it had “almost no border security.”

He said the piecemeal approach of the American Dream and Promise Act would need to include provisions to disincentivize illegal immigration.

Illegal border crossings hit more than 100,000 in Biden’s first full month in office. Another 26,000 people evaded capture. The situation has sparked the reopening of shuttered border facilities to house a surge in unaccompanied children, and the designation of a convention center in Houston to hold up to 3,000 immigrant teenagers. Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas said on March 16 that the country is “on pace to encounter more individuals on the southwest border than we have in the last 20 years.”

Republicans say the surge in immigrants is due to Biden’s reversal of former President Donald Trump’s immigration and border policies, including halting border wall construction and reinstating catch and release, in which illegal immigrants are allowed into the country while waiting for their asylum claims to be heard.

Republicans also alleged cartels are taking advantage of the lax border policies by ferrying unaccompanied minors and other immigrants to the border.

Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) told a reporter on Capitol Hill on March 16 that the Biden administration “in effect, issued an invitation for unaccompanied children to come to this country.”

“That has resulted in an enormous surge of unaccompanied minors being handed over to the custody of human traffickers who are violent transnational criminals, who engage in physical abuse and sexual abuse of those kids,” he said.

But Democrats say the influx is caused by pent-up demand that built because of Trump’s restrictions.

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said on March 14 that the incoming surge of migrant children was a “humanitarian crisis” that was exacerbated by immigration policies issued under Trump.

“The Biden administration is trying to fix the broken system that was left to them by the Trump administration,” she told reporters. “The Biden administration will have a system, based on doing the best possible job, understanding this is a humanitarian crisis.”

House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) told reporters during a trip to the border on March 15 that the situation is a preventable “human heartbreak” that was enabled by the Biden administration.

Biden should travel to the border and talk to agents, McCarthy added.

Zachary Stieber, Samuel Allegri, and Reuters contributed to this report.