Commentary
In the most recent failure in the banking sector, earlier this week First Republic Bank collapsed, was placed into Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) receivership, and had most of its assets sold to JPMorgan Chase. With some $232 billion of assets, this marked the second-largest U.S. bank failure ever, only surpassed by Washington Mutual in the early days of the global financial crisis in 2008.
Notably, three of the four largest U.S. bank failures of all time—First Republic, Silicon Valley Bank, and Signature Bank—have occurred within the last 60 days.
These extraordinary events are not just shocking but alarming, in the sense of the word that they should be raising alarm bells for all of us. Yet government and corporate leaders, along with much of mainstream media, are taking great pains to say that the banking system is stable and that there is nothing much to worry about.
Following the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank in March, U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen sought to assure Congress and the general public that everything is fine. She noted “our banking system is sound,” while in the background was working with JPMorgan and 10 other banks to organize a rescue of First Republic through the injection of $30 billion of cash deposits. This effort bought time, but ultimately failed to achieve the objective of stabilizing First Republic, which, as the bank’s investors and the general public would belatedly learn only over a month later, had lost $104.5 billion of deposits in the first quarter.
Jamie Dimon, the veteran CEO of JPMorgan, affirmed on Monday his view that the banking system as “very stable,” that this is nothing like the global financial crisis, and that we’re nearing the end of the crisis. Later than same day, President Joe Biden said that the actions to resolve First Republic “are going to make sure that the banking system is safe and sound.”
Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell said on Wednesday that the “U.S. banking system is sound and resilient,” and that conditions “have broadly improved since March.”
No one in the markets, however, seems to believe any of them. The NASDAQ Bank Index is down over 35 percent in the past three months. In the past three days—that is, since the First Republic announcement and Dimon’s comments—the same index is down 8 percent, with many of the regional banks with potentially similar issues to First Republic down substantially more.
According to data from the Securities and Exchange Commission, over $72 billion held by non-U.S. holders invested in money market funds investing in U.S. bank securities were withdrawn in March.
According to data from the Federal Reserve, U.S. banks have lost more than $1 trillion of deposits in the past year, as investors become more nervous and see higher-yielding opportunities elsewhere. These figures are through mid-April and, as such, do not include whatever further deposit runs have occurred over the past two weeks in the wake of First Republic’s collapse and the market’s rout of the regional banks.
Even with data a couple of weeks old, what we know is that the regional banks have been forced to tap the Federal Home Loan Banks for $1 trillion of liquidity (as at the end of March) as well as an additional $325 billion from the Federal Reserve’s emergency funding facilities. These are extraordinary and unprecedented figures, amounts which dwarf amounts drawn during the global financial crisis. And unlike customer deposits that cost the banks well less than 1 percent, these facilities are costing the banks nearly 5 percent. At these levels, many of the regional and community banks will quickly turn unprofitable, further weakening an unstable situation.
All this has made the credit-rating agencies nervous. Moody’s, for example, recently downgraded its macro outlook on the U.S. banking sector, citing concerns around higher interest rates, increasing funding risks, deteriorating credit quality, reduced profits and capital, and emerging risks related to the commercial real estate sector. At the same time, the agency downgraded 11 banks around the country, including USBank, the fifth largest bank in the United States, with over $500 billion in deposits. Other than USBank, many of the downgraded banks have substantial exposure to commercial real estate.
The issue with commercial real estate is simple. Workers have not returned to their offices post-lockdowns, and vacancy rates in coastal urban centers like Manhattan, San Francisco, and Los Angeles are at all-time highs. The regional and community banks make up the majority of commercial real estate lending, and still hold most of the loans, which represent a too-high percentage of many of these banks’ balance sheets. Trillions of dollars of these loans are coming due in the next few years, and many banks do not have the capital to absorb substantial losses when they default.
We have entered the next phase of the banking crisis. We can assume that deposit flight has resumed, and that some banks are scrambling to address liquidity issues. The U.S. government’s emergency facilities will help over the short run, but are unlikely to provide a long-term solution. The banking regulators, specifically the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and the U.S. Treasury, are running out of tools to address a widening crisis. One thing is for sure: the more frequently they have to say “everything is fine,” the more likely they are not.
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