Shambaugh previously served in the U.S. Department of State and on the National Security Council during the Carter administration (1977- 1979)

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1. The CCP a ‘Stealthy Rival’

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One school of thought sees the CCP as a “stealthy rival.”

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“The idea here is that China has a secret grand strategy to undermine, overtake, and replace the United States as the world’s principal power,” Shambaugh told the audience at the University of Sydney’s U.S. Studies Centre on June 26.

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“For this school, all the dots connect in China’s domestic and global behaviour, and they point to a regime doing its best to undermine the United States and the international, global liberal order.”

"} 59:{"type":"p","text":"\r\n"} 5a:{"type":"img","width":"800","height":"450","href":"https://img.theepochtimes.com/assets/uploads/2025/06/27/id5879141-david-shambaugh.jpg.avif","src":"https://img.theepochtimes.com/assets/uploads/2025/06/27/id5879141-david-shambaugh.jpg.avif","text":"David Shambaugh and his new book Breaking the Engagement: How China Won and Lost America. (Courtesy of the United States Studies Center, University of Sydney)","align":"alignnone"} 5b:{"type":"p","text":"\r\n

2. ‘Comprehensive Competition’

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The second school, the “comprehensive competition school,” refers to a loose coalition of policymakers and experts who argue that the United States is locked into direct competition with Beijing across various spheres.

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This includes security, diplomacy, commerce, technology, higher education, ideology, and international and domestic politics.

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“This school argues the U.S. needs to go on the offence in each of these spheres and push back against China, and to resist China while advancing America’s own national interests.”

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3. The

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