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U.S. President Donald Trump shakes hands with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in Turnberry, Scotland, on July 27, 2025. Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images
In July 2025, the European Union signed a landmark trade agreement with the United States. U.S. President Donald Trump described it as “the biggest deal ever made.” On paper, it looked like a win-win. But in policy circles across Europe, it landed more like a warning shot than a celebration.
