Another Colorado Attack on the First Amendment Goes to the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court in Washington on July 13, 2026. Madalina Kilroy/The Epoch Times

Commentary

The Supreme Court has agreed to review yet another Colorado case in which the state is charged with violating the Constitution’s First Amendment by discriminating against traditional religions and their adherents.

Even when Colorado was a much more libertarian state than it is now, officials sometimes violated the First Amendment. About a decade ago, however, the state flipped from a politically balanced to an extreme “progressive” posture. And since then, the state’s constitutional record has been far worse. SCOTUS has had to intervene several times.

Thus, in Masterpiece Cake Shop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018), the justices slapped down state officials for allowing their overt hostility to conservative Christian values to fuel state persecution of a Christian baker. In 303 Creative v. Elenis (2023) and Chiles v. Salazar (2026), the justices voided state measures that banned businesspeople from expressing traditional views on sex and sexuality, while permitting them to express “woke” views.

In the Masterpiece Cake Shop case, the court found that Colorado officials had violated the First Amendment’s freedom-of-religion guarantees. In 303 Creative and in Chiles, the court found that Colorado officials had violated the First Amendment’s free speech guarantee. And just this year, a federal district court partially voided a state election law that infringed the First Amendment right of free association.

Now, yet another case has come before the Supreme Court: St. Mary Catholic Parish in Littleton v. Roy. Once again, state officials are charged with violating the right to free exercise of religion.

The Facts

One consequence of Colorado’s lurch to the political left has been the adoption of massive new state and regulatory programs. (This has led, predictably enough, to large budget deficits and neglect of core government services). Among the new programs is one that enables residents, including undocumented immigrants, to send children to pre-kindergarten schools at taxpayer expense.

However, Roman Catholic pre-K schools found themselves excluded from participating because the law mandated that “each preschool provider provide … an equal opportunity to enroll and receive preschool services regardless of … sexual orientation [or] gender identity.”

Of course, requiring acceptance of non-binary gender ideology directly contradicts most traditional religious teachings, including Catholic doctrine. Moreover, at the pre-school level, one might suspect that gender dysphoria is more likely the product of adult mismanagement than the child’s real proclivities.

As if this were not enough, the Colorado Department of Early Childhood, which administers the pre-school program, adopted regulations permitting schools to discriminate in ways favored by “woke” ideology. For example, they are permitted to give preferential treatment to certain racial groups and, in the phrase of the program director, “the LGBTQ community.” The program director justified this by saying that the beneficiaries of this treatment were groups that, in America, historically faced discrimination.

But in a signal demonstration of the ignorance underlying the “progressive” agenda, the program director admitted under oath that she had been unaware that Catholics, also, are a historically disadvantaged group.

Governing Law

The principal governing Supreme Court precedent is Employment Division v. Smith (1990). In that case, the court ruled that state regulations restricting religious practice are presumptively valid if they are “neutral and generally applicable.”

“Neutral” means they are not targeted at particular religions. “Generally applicable” means they apply to almost everyone and are not riddled with exceptions.

If a rule is targeted specifically at a religion or kind of religion—or if it is narrow or subject to exceptions—then it is subject to “strict scrutiny” and presumed void.

In Smith, two members of the Native American Church, where peyote is used for sacramental purposes, claimed that Oregon’s law against peyote violated their right to free exercise of religion. The court upheld the law because it applied to everyone; there was no evidence that Oregon was attacking the Native American Church.

There have been a few cases in which laws flunked the Smith test, either because they were targeted at certain religions or because they were, or could be, enforced (or not enforced) arbitrarily. In those cases, officials claimed they were acting for purely non-discriminatory reasons. The Supreme Court essentially responded: “Just whom are you trying to fool?”

Colorado’s Conduct

Colorado officials claim their law and regulations are not targeted at religion and that they are broadly applied. The regulators point out that they have gone out of their way to encourage faith-based providers to participate in the pre-K program. And, indeed, they have.

But the problem is not that they are hostile to religion per se. The problem is that in their zeal to enforce ill-informed ideas about sex and sexuality, they are using state power to favor some religions over others. To see why this is true, consider the following illustration:

The State of X has a large minority of Orthodox Jews and a large minority of Reform (liberal) Jews. The rest of the population is mostly Christian or unaffiliated. State X adopts a program of educational scholarships, which students may use at public or private schools.

Although state officials welcome liberal religions, they have a history of opposition to the conservative practices and beliefs of Orthodox Judaism. The officials rule that—“for sanitary reasons”—schools may participate only if they require students to remove head coverings indoors.

Christian and unaffiliated students and institutions would have no problem with the regulation against indoor hats, nor would most Reform Jews. But Orthodox Jews wear yarmulkas both indoors and outdoors as a mark of respect for God.

In this illustration, it is pretty obvious that State X officials have “gerrymandered” their regulation to disadvantage Orthodox Jews. If they also readily exempt other schools from regulations—but refuse to exempt Orthodox Jewish schools—then the law is not “generally applicable.”

Conclusion

Colorado’s law, regulations, and recent history render it obvious that the state’s refusal to grant a religious exemption to the Catholic Church is part of the jihad being conducted by the state’s governing class against traditional values and the religions that espouse those values. To their protest that they acted for innocent reasons, the Supreme Court should again respond, “Just whom are you trying to fool?”

Of course, in their private lives, “woke” officials may pursue their cause in all lawful ways. But under the U.S. Constitution, they may not use state power as their weapon.

Views expressed in this article are opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Epoch Times.