On June 23, the United Kingdom will decide whether to leave the European Union or stay. The vote is nicknamed Brexit, short for British Exiting. One reason the debate is important outside of the U.K. is that it is partly a referendum over the amount of government regulation voters want.
Many people wishing to leave cite concerns about the EU imposing unfair, onerous, and growing amounts of regulations. Boris Johnson, the ex-mayor of London, has become a chief spokesman for leaving. He argues that remaining in the union subjects British businesses to thousands of costly new EU regulations each year. However, the “stay” and “leave” sides do not agree on the specific number and costs.
That got me thinking: Is “overregulation” becoming a problem in the United States? What’s regulation’s real cost to business, both in terms of money and innovation? How important is regulatory reform, and is it hopeless, as some commentators claim?
The US’s Regulation Problem
A rapid growth in regulations is not occurring just in Europe. It is also happening in the United States.
Below is a graph of the number of pages published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, or CFR. The CFR is the compilation of the administrative rules enforced by the federal government.
The page count is not a perfect measure of regulation for two reasons. First, it excludes state and local rules. Second, some rules and regulations need more words than others. Nevertheless, it is currently the best approximation available and is monitored both by Congress and many outsiders.
The graph shows that the U.S. has experienced a dramatic growth in regulation, with the amount of pages increasing by a factor of nine since the 1950s. It also shows that neither Republicans nor Democrats are immune to the charge that they are imposing more rules and regulations. There is a steady march upward regardless of which party occupies the White House.
Many presidents, starting with Richard Nixon and continuing through Barack Obama, have tried to reduce the number of regulations or their burden. One attempt was the 1995 Paperwork Reduction Act. This act had a small success, with about 6,000 CFR pages cut—about 4 percent of the total at the time, from 1995 to 1996. Nevertheless, reductions are relatively infrequent. Since 1950, the number of pages has grown on average by 5 percent a year.
Why Do We Have Regulations?
Given the growing volume of regulations, it’s reasonable to ask whether we even need them. The easy answer appears to be yes: Regulations are important in modern life.
Society is complex and every country needs rules to help govern and ensure order. Moreover, power is not shared equally in modern society. Regulations have the ability to protect the weak and powerless by requiring all to follow the same set of rules. For example, very large companies cannot use their power to pollute the land and water without running afoul of regulations throughout the world.
There is clearly a need for rules and regulations. However, the Brexit debate points out that many people in Britain feel overregulated, which is when the costs and burdens imposed by regulations outweigh their benefits.
Regulatory Costs
Overregulating society increases the cost of companies to do business because such rules act as a hidden tax. These extra costs are often passed on to customers.
The costs of major U.S. regulations are annually compiled by the White House and submitted to Congress. The values in these reports are not independent estimates. Instead, they are based on the calculations done by the agency that issues the rules. The most recent reports all look similar and show regulation provides between US$4 and $10 of benefits for every dollar of costs. However, the 2001 report broke from the mold and stated “the total cost of regulation is nearly equal to the $584 billion Congress appropriated for all discretionary programs in FY 2000.”
Elsewhere in the world, the costs of regulations can be even higher. The World Bank ranks countries on various measures of starting a new business, such as the cost of regulations and time it takes to begin operating. In 10 countries (mostly in Africa), the average cost to start a business is equivalent to at least 100 percent of national income per capita, compared with just 3.2 percent in OECD countries.
The time it takes to comply with regulations can also differ dramatically, ranging from just half a day for the fastest country (New Zealand) to 144 days for the slowest (Venezuela).
Do Regulations Hurt Innovation?
Researchers have still not clearly determined if regulations help or hurt innovation.
Regulations clearly prevent some activities from happening. For example, a recent Wall Street Journal article argued FAA regulations on supersonic aircraft noise over land has prevented a new class of small quiet planes, which could travel from LA to New York in 90 minutes, from developing.
